CCMVal

Participating CCMs and Model PIs

Publication of model results and their interpretation in the scientific literature is encouraged.

Please inform the coordinators of CCMVal and the model PIs on the status of your paper (start, submission, publication). Model PIs can do this via the existing mailing lists (contact CCMVal-1 model PIs and coordinators, contact CCMVal-2 model PIs and coordinators); all others, please see the coordinators and model PIs for CCMVal-1 here, and for CCMVal-2 here.
Please include the following acknowledgement in any papers using CCMVal data:

If model PIs are coauthors (PHASE 0 and 1): "We acknowledge the Chemistry-Climate Model Validation (CCMVal) Activity for WCRP’s (World Climate Research Programme) SPARC (Stratospheric Processes and their Role in Climate) project for organizing and coordinating the model data analysis activity, and the British Atmospheric Data Center (BADC) for collecting and archiving the CCMVal model output."
If model PIs are not coauthors (PHASE 2): "We acknowledge the modeling groups for making their simulations available for this analysis, the Chemistry-Climate Model Validation (CCMVal) Activity for WCRP’s (World Climate Research Programme) SPARC (Stratospheric Processes and their Role in Climate) project for organizing and coordinating the model data analysis activity, and the British Atmospheric Data Center (BADC) for collecting and archiving the CCMVal model output."

Coordinators and model PIs CCMVal-2: Table of contacts for CCMVal-2 data stored at the CCMVal Archive at BADC; please inform this group on the status of your work.
Directory at BADC: /project_spaces/ccmval/CCMVal-2/Reference_Runs
Simulations: described in Eyring et al. (2008), Morgenstern et al. (2010) and Chapter 2 of the SPARC CCMVal Report.
Reference: SPARC CCMVal Report (2010)

		Group and Location
0	Coordination CCMVal-2	DLR, Germany; JHU, USA; Univ. of Toronto, Canada	Veronika Eyring, Darryn Waugh, Ted Shepherd
1	AMTRAC3	GFDL, USA	John Austin
2	CAM3.5	NCAR, USA	Jean-Francois Lamarque
3	CCSRNIES	NIES, Tokyo, Japan	Hideharu Akiyoshi
4	CMAM	MSC, University of Toronto, York Univ., Canada	David Plummer, John Scinocca, Ted Shepherd
5	CNRM-ACM	Meteo-France; France	Martine Michou, Hubert Teyssedre
6	E39CA	DLR, Germany	Martin Dameris, Hella Garny
7	EMAC-FUB		Ulrike Langenmatz, Anne Kubin, Patrick Jöckel
8	EMAC	MPI Mainz, Germany	Andreas Baumgaertner, Christoph Brühl, Patrick Jöckel
9	GEOSCCM	NASA/GSFC, USA	Steven Pawson, Anne Douglass, Stacey Frith
10	LMDZrepro	IPSL, France	Slimane Bekki, Marion Marchand
11	MRI	MRI, Japan	Kiyotaka Shibata
12	NIWA-SOCOL	NIWA, NZ	Dan Smale, Olaf Morgenstern
13	SOCOL	PMOD/WRC and ETHZ, Switzerland	Eugene Rozanov, Tom Peter
14	ULAQ	University of L'Aquila, Italy	Eva Mancini, Gianni Pitari
15	UMETRAC	NIWA, NZ	Olaf Morgenstern
16	UMSLIMCAT	University of Leeds, UK	Martyn Chipperfield, Sandip Dhomse, Wenshou Tian
17	UMUKCA-METO	MetOffice, UK	Neal Butchart, Steven Hardiman
18	UMUKCA-UCAM	University of Cambridge, UK	Peter Braesicke, Olaf Morgenstern, John Pyle
19	WACCM (v.3)	NCAR, USA	Rolando Garcia, Andrew Gettelman, Doug Kinnison

CCMVal-1:

Model output from several CCM simulations is currently being stored in the CCMVal archive at the British Atmospheric Data Centre (BADC) (see Table 1). The main features of the participating CCMs are listed in Table 2. An assessment of temperature, trace species and ozone in the simulations of the recent past from these CCMs has been finalized and an assessments of the ozone projections in the 21^st century is currently in preparation [Eyring et al., 2006a,b].

Notes, Errata and Updates on the BADC archive

The following acknowledgment should be included in any publication that uses data from the BADC Archive. Each modeling group whose output is used should be explicitly acknowledged (see Table 1 for group names and institutional affiliations):
"We thank the [group name(s)] at [institution name(s)], for providing their model output for this analysis; the Chemistry-Climate Model Validation Activity (CCMVal) of WCRP-SPARC (World Climate Research Programme - Stratospheric Processes and their Role in Climate) for organizing the model data analysis activity; and the British Atmospheric Data Center (BADC) for collecting and archiving the model output."

Table 1: CCMVal-1: A summary of the CCMs, including the external forcings and representation of QBO used in the model simulations. The past simulations (‘REF1’) and the future simulation (‘REF2’ or ‘SCN2’) are described in Eyring et al. [2005]. All forcings can be downloaded from the CCMVal forcing website. Changes in halogen concentrations in the ‘future’ simulations are prescribed following the Ab scenario [WMO, 2003; Table 4B-2] and WMGHGs are based on the IPCC SRES scenario A1B(medium) [IPCC, 2000] in all simulations. Sulfate surface area densities beyond 1999 are fixed at 1999 conditions (volcanically clean conditions).

Model	Group	Investigators	Runs	SSTs	Solar Variability	QBO	Reference
AMTRAC	GFDL, USA	J. Austin	3×REF1^a 1960-2004	Hurrell et al. [2006]	Lean [2000]	NO	Austin et al. [2006]; Austin and Wilson [2006]
AMTRAC	GFDL, USA	J. Austin	3×SCN2^b 1990-2099	From a run of the coupled atmosphere-ocean model of the GFDL model.		NO	Austin et al. [2006]; Austin and Wilson [2006]
CCSRNIES	NIES, Tokyo, Japan	H. Akiyoshi T.Nagashima	1×REF1 1980-2004	HadISST1, Rayner et al. [2003]	Lean et al. [1997]	Forced	Akiyoshi et al. [2004]; Kurokawa et al. [2005]
CCSRNIES	NIES, Tokyo, Japan	H. Akiyoshi T.Nagashima	1×REF2 1980-2050	Output from CCSR/NIES/FRCGC Atmosphere-Ocean coupled model, Shiogama et al. [2005]	NO	NO	Akiyoshi et al. [2004]; Kurokawa et al. [2005]
CMAM	MSC, University of Toronto and York University, Canada	D. Plummer T. Shepherd	1×REF1 1960-2004	HadISST1, [Rayner et al., 2003]	NO	NO	Beagley et al. [1997]; de Grandpré et al. [2000]
CMAM	MSC, University of Toronto and York University, Canada	D. Plummer T. Shepherd	3×REF2 1960-2099	Modeled from the coupled version of the Canadian GCM and the three members all use a different realization of the SSTs from the coupled model	NO	NO	Beagley et al. [1997]; de Grandpré et al. [2000]
E39C	DLR Oberpfaffen- hofen, Germany	M. Dameris V. Eyring	3×REF1 1960-1999	HadISST1 [Rayner et al., 2003]	Lean et al. [1997]	Forced	Dameris et al. [2005, 2006]
E39C	DLR Oberpfaffen- hofen, Germany	M. Dameris V. Eyring	4×SCN2 2000-2019	Predicted from HadCM3 [Williams et al., 2001]	Solar cycles from the late 1950s to the 1970s	Forced (1960s to 1970s)	Dameris et al. [2005, 2006]
GEOSCCM	NASA/GSFC, USA	S. Pawson R. Stolarski	1×REF1^c 1960-2003	HadISST1, Rayner et al. [2003]	NO	NO	Stolarski et al. [2006]; Pawson et al. [2008]
GEOSCCM	NASA/GSFC, USA	S. Pawson R. Stolarski	1×REF2 2000-2050	HadGEM1	NO	NO	Stolarski et al. [2006]; Pawson et al. [2008]
LMDZrepro	IPSL, France	S. Bekki	1×REF1^d 1979-1999	AMIP II, [Taylor et al., 2000]	NO	NO	Chemistry part: Lefevre et al. [1994]
MAECHAM4 CHEM	MPI Mainz, MPI Hamburg, Germany	C. Brühl M. Giorgetta E. Manzini	1×REF1 1980-1999	HadISST1 [Rayner et al., 2003]	Lean et al. [1997]	Forced	Manzini et al. [2003]; Steil et al. [2003]
MAECHAM4 CHEM	MPI Mainz, MPI Hamburg, Germany	C. Brühl M. Giorgetta E. Manzini	1×REF2 1×SCN2 2000-2019	Predicted from HadCM3 in SCN2 [Williams et al., 2001]	NO / Solar cycles from the late 1950s to 1970s	NO / Forced	Manzini et al. [2003]; Steil et al. [2003]
MRI	MRI, Tsukuba, Japan	K. Shibata M. Deushi	1×REF1 1980-2004	HadISST1, Rayner et al. [2003]	Lean et al. [1997]	Internally generated	Shibata and Deushi [2005]; Shibata et al. [2005]
MRI	MRI, Tsukuba, Japan	K. Shibata M. Deushi	1×REF2 1980-2050	From a simulation of the MRI coupled atmosphere-ocean model, MRI-CGCM2.3 [Yukimoto et al., 2005]	NO	Internally generated	Shibata and Deushi [2005]; Shibata et al. [2005]
SOCOL	PMOD/WRC and ETHZ, Switzerland	E. Rozanov	1×REF1 1980-2004	HadISST1, Rayner et al. [2003]	Lean [2000]	Forced	Egorova et al. [2005]; Rozanov et al. [2005]
SOCOL	PMOD/WRC and ETHZ, Switzerland	E. Rozanov	1×REF2 1980-2050	From HadCM3 [Williams et al., 2001] AMIP II, Taylor et al. [2000]	NO	NO	Egorova et al. [2005]; Rozanov et al. [2005]
ULAQ	University of L'Aquila, Italy	E. Mancini G. Pitari	1×REF1^d 1960-2004	HadISST1, Rayner et al. [2003]	NO	NO	Pitari et al. [2002]
ULAQ	University of L'Aquila, Italy	E. Mancini G. Pitari	1×REF2 1980-2050	HadISST1 up to 2019. Repeated 2010-2019 cycle after 2019.	NO	NO	Pitari et al. [2002]
UMETRAC	UK Met Office, UK	N. Butchart	1×REF1 1980-1999	HadISST1, Rayner et al. [2003]	Intensity of the 10.7 cm radiation of the sun from Lean et al. [1997]	Internally generated	Austin [2002]; Austin and Butchart [2003]; Struthers et al. [2004]
UMSLIMCAT	University of Leeds, UK	M. Chipperfield W. Tian	1×REF1 1980-1999	AMIP II Gates et al. [1999]	NO	Internally generated	Tian and Chipperfield [2005]
UMSLIMCAT	University of Leeds, UK	M. Chipperfield W. Tian	1×REF2 1980-2020	HadISST1 up to 2019	NO	Internally generated	Tian and Chipperfield [2005]
WACCM (v.3)	NCAR, USA	R. Garcia D. Kinnison	3×REF1^a 1950-2003	Hurrell et al. [2006]	www.sec.noaa.gov	NO	Garcia et al. [2006]
WACCM (v.3)	NCAR, USA	R. Garcia D. Kinnison	3×REF2 1980-2050	REF2: from CAM3 run using same GHG scenario as REF2	NO	NO	Garcia et al. [2006]

REF1 but with SSTs from Hurrell et al. (2006) and without QBO
SCN2 without QBO
REF1 without QBO, solar cycle, and volcanic eruptions
REF1 without QBO and solar cycle

Table 2: CCMVal-1: Model output from the following CCMs is currently stored at BADC. The models are listed alphabetically by name. The horizontal resolution is given in degrees latitude × longitude (grid point models). For spectral models the resolution is also given as T30, T32, and T42 corresponding to the triangular truncation of the spectral domain with 30, 32, and 42 wave numbers, respectively. All CCMs have a comprehensive range of chemical reactions. The time varying concentrations of CO₂ as well as other WMGHGs are considered in the radiation schemes of all models.

Model	Reference	Underlying GCM	Domain / resolution	Radiative Feedbacks	Tracer Advection Scheme	O-GWD	NonO-GWD
AMTRAC	Austin et al. [2006]; Austin and Wilson [2006]	AM2 [Anderson et al., 2004]	2° x 2.5° 48 L 0.0017 hPa	O₃, H₂O	Finite- Volume [Lin, 2004]	Stern and Pierrehumbert [1988]	Alexander and Dunkerton [1999]
CCSRNIES	Akiyoshi et al. [2004]; Kurokawa et al. [2005]	CCSRNIES [Numaguti, 1993]	2.8° x 2.8° (T42) 34 L 0.01 hPa	O₃, H₂O, CH₄, N₂O, CFCs	Spectral in the horizontal, finite difference for the vertical	McFarlane [1987]	Hines [1997]
CMAM	Beagley et al. [1997]; de Grandpré et al. [2000]	CCCma AGCM3 [Scinocca and McFarlane, 2004]	3.75° x 3.75° (T32) 71L 0.0006 hPa	O₃, H₂O	Spectral in the horizontal, finite elements in the vertical	Scinocca and McFarlane [2000]	Scinocca [2003]
E39C	Dameris et al. [2005, 2006]	ECHAM4 [Roeckner et al., 1996]	3.75° x 3.75° (T30) 39L 10 hPa	O₃, CH₄, N₂O, H₂O, CFCs	Semi- Lagrangian [Williamson & Rasch, 1994]	Miller et al. [1989]	None
GEOSCCM	Stolarski et al. [2006]; Pawson et al. [2008]	GEOS-4 [Bloom et al., 2005]	2° x 2.5° 55 L 0.01hP	O3, H2O, CH4, N2O, CFC-11, CFC-12	Finite-Volume [Lin, 2004]	Kiehl et al. [1998]	Adapted from Garcia and Boville [1994]
LMDZrepro	Chemistry part: Lefevre et al. [1994]	LMDz4 [Lott et al., 2005]	2.5° x 3.75° 50 L 0.07 hPa	O₃, CH₄, N₂O, H₂O, CFC-11, CFC-12	Finite- Volume [Hourdin and Armengaud, 1999]	Lott and Miller [1997]	Hines [1997]
MAECHAM4CHEM	Manzini et al. [2003]; Steil et al. [2003]	MA ECHAM4 [Manzini et al., 1997]	3.75° x 3.75° (T30) 39 L 0.01 hPa	O₃, H₂O, CH₄	Fluxform Semi-Lagrange SPITFIRE [Steil et al., 2003]	McFarlane [1987]	Hines [1997]
MRI	Shibata and Deushi [2005]; Shibata et al. [2005]	MRI/JMA98 [Shibata et al., 1999]	2.8° x 2.8° (T42) 68 L 0.01 hPa	O₃, CH₄, N₂O	Hybrid semi-Lagrangian [Shibata et al., 2005]	Iwasaki et al. [1989], only short-wavelength GW	Hines [1997]
SOCOL	Egorova et al. [2005]; Rozanov et al. [2005]	MA ECHAM4 [Manzini et al., 1997]	3.75° x 3.75° (T30) 39 L 0.1 hPa	O₃, CH₄, N₂O, H₂O, CFCs	Hybrid advection scheme [Zubov et al., 1999]	McFarlane [1987]	Hines [1997]
ULAQ	Pitari et al. [2002]	ULAQ-GCM [Pitari et al., 1992]	10° x 22.5 26 L 0.04 hPa	O₃, H₂O, CH₄, N₂O, CFCs, HCFCs, aerosols.	Flux-form Eulerian fully explicit scheme [e.g Pitari et al., 2002]		Rayleigh friction [Smith and Lyjak, 1985]
UMETRAC	Austin [2002]; Austin and Butchart [2003]; Struthers et al. [2004]	UM [Pope et al., 2000]	2.5° x 3.75° 64 L 0.01 hPa	O_3,H₂O	Quintic-mono [Gregory and West, 2002]	Gregory et al. [1998]	Warner and McIntyre [1996]
UMSLIMCAT	Tian and Chipperfield [2005]	UM [Pope et al., 2000]	2.5° x 3.75° 64 L 0.01 hPa	O₃, CH₄, N₂O, H₂O	Quintic-mono [Gregory and West, 2002]	Gregory et al. [1998]	Warner and McIntyre [1996]
WACCM (v.3)	Garcia et al. [2006]	CAM [Collins et al., 2004]	4° x 5° 66 L 4.5x10^-6hPa	O_3,H₂O, N₂O, CH₄, CFC-11, CFC-12 NO, CO₂, O₂	Finite- Volume [Lin, 2004]	McFarlane [1987]	Based on Lindzen [1981], Holton [1982], Garcia and Solomon [1985]

References for Participating CCMs and CCMVal Assessments:
References listed under the columns 'SSTs', 'QBO', 'GWD' etc. in Table 1 and 2 can be found in Eyring et al. [2006a,b].

Akiyoshi, H., T. Sugita, H. Kanzawa, and N. Kawamoto (2004), Ozone perturbations in the Arctic summer lower stratosphere as a reflection of NOx chemistry and planetary scale wave activity,
J. Geophys. Res., 109, D03304, doi:10.1029/2003JD003632.

Austin, J. (2002), A three-dimensional coupled chemistry-climate model simulation of past stratospheric trends, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 218-232.

Austin, J., and N. Butchart (2003), Coupled chemistry-climate model simulation for the period 1980 to 2020: ozone depletion and the start of ozone recovery, Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.,
129, 3,225-3,249.

Austin, J., and R. J. Wilson (2006), Ensemble simulations of the decline and recovery of stratospheric ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D16314, doi:10.1029/2005JD006907.

Austin, J., R. J.Wilson, F. Li, and H. Vömel (2006), Evolution of water vapor concentrations and stratospheric age of air in coupled chemistry-climate model simulations, J. Atmos. Sci., submitted.

Beagley, S. R., J. de Grandpré, J. N. Koshyk, N. A. McFarlane, and T.G. Shepherd (1997), Radiative-dynamical climatology of the first-generation Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model, 
Atmos.-Ocean, 35, 293–331.

Bloom, S., A. da Silva, D. Dee, M. Bosilovich, J.-D. Chern, S. Pawson, S. Schubert, M. Sienkiewicz, I. Stajner, W.-W. Tan, and M.-L. Wu (2005), Documentation and Validation of the 
Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) Data Assimilation System - Version 4. Technical Report Series on Global Modeling and Data Assimilation 104606 , 26.

Dameris, M., V. Grewe, M. Ponater, R. Deckert, V. Eyring, F. Mager, S. Matthes, C. Schnadt, A. Stenke, B. Steil, C. Brühl, and M. Giorgetta (2005), Long-term changes and variability in a
transient simulation with a chemistry-climate model employing realistic forcings, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2121-2145.

Dameris, M., S. Matthes, R. Deckert, V. Grewe, and M. Ponater (2006), Solar cycle effect delays onset of ozone recovery, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L03806, doi:10.1029/2005GL024741.

de Grandpré, J., S. R. Beagley, V. I. Fomichev, E. Griffioen, J. C. McConnell, A. S. Medvedev, and T. G. Shepherd (2000), Ozone climatology using interactive chemistry:
Results from the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 26,475-26,492.

Egorova, T., E. Rozanov, V. Zubov, E. Manzini, W. Schmutz, and T. Peter (2005), Chemistry-climate model SOCOL: a validation of the present-day climatology, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1557-1576.

Eyring, V., D. E. Kinnison, and T. G. Shepherd (2005), Overview of planned coupled chemistry-climate simulations to support upcoming ozone and climate assessments, SPARC Newsletter No. 25, 11-17.

Eyring, V., N. Butchart, D. W. Waugh, H. Akiyoshi, J. Austin, S. Bekki, G. E. Bodeker, B. A. Boville, C. Brühl, M. P. Chipperfield, E. Cordero, M. Dameris, M. Deushi, V. E. Fioletov, S. M. Frith, R. R. Garcia, A. Gettelman, M. A. Giorgetta, V. Grewe, L. Jourdain, D. E. Kinnison, E. Mancini, E. Manzini, M. Marchand, D. R. Marsh, T. Nagashima, P. A. Newman, J. E. Nielsen, S. Pawson, G. Pitari, D. A. Plummer, E. Rozanov, M. Schraner, T. G. Shepherd, K. Shibata, R. S. Stolarski, H. Struthers, W. Tian, and M. Yoshiki (2006a), Assessment of temperature, trace species and ozone in chemistry-climate model simulations of the recent past, J. Geophys. Res., accepted.

Eyring, V., D.W. Waugh, G.E. Bodeker, E. Cordero, H. Akiyoshi, J. Austin, S.R. Beagley, B. Boville, P. Braesicke, C. Brühl, N. Butchart, M.P. Chipperfield, M. Dameris, R. Deckert, M. Deushi, S.M. Frith, R.R. Garcia, A. Gettelman, M. Giorgetta, D.E. Kinnison, E. Mancini, E. Manzini, D.R. Marsh, S. Matthes, T. Nagashima, P.A. Newman, J. E. Nielsen, S. Pawson, D.A. Plummer, G. Pitari, E. Rozanov, M. Schraner, J.F. Scinocca, K. Semeniuk, T.G. Shepherd, K. Shibata, B. Steil, R. Stolarski, W. Tian, and M. Yoshiki (2006b), Multi-model projections of ozone recovery in the 21st century, J.Geophys. Res., in preparation.

Garcia, R. R., D. Marsh, D. Kinnison, B. Boville, and F. Sassi (2006), Simulations of secular trends in the middle atmosphere, 1950-2003, J. Geophys. Res., submitted.

Kurokawa, J., H. Akiyoshi, T. Nagashima, H. Masunaga, T. Nakajima, M. Takahashi, and H. Nakane (2005), Effects of atmospheric sphericity on stratospheric chemistry and dynamics over Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D21305, doi:10.1029/2005JD005798.

Lefevre, F., G. P. Brasseur, I. Folkins, A.K. Smith, and P. Simon (1994), Chemistry of the 1991-1992 stratospheric winter: Three dimensional model simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 8183-8195.

Manzini, E., B. Steil, C. Brühl, M. A. Giorgetta, and K. Krüger (2003), A new interactive chemistry climate model. 2: Sensitivity of the middle atmosphere to ozone depletion and increase in greenhouse gases: implications for recent stratospheric cooling, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4429, doi:10.1029/2002JD002977.

Pawson, S., R.S. Stolarski, A.R. Douglass, P.A. Newman, J.E. Nielsen, S.M. Frith, M.L. Gupta (2008), Goddard Earth Observing System Chemistry-Climate Model Simulations of Stratospheric Ozone-Temperature Coupling Between 1950 and 2005. J. Geophys. Res., 113, D12103, doi:10.1029/2007JD009511.

Rozanov, E., M. Schraner, C. Schnadt, T. Egorova, M. Wild, A. Ohmura, V. Zubov, W. Schmutz, and Th. Peter (2005), Assessment of the ozone and temperature variability during 1979–1993 with the chemistry-climate model SOCOL, Adv. Space. Res., 35, 1375-1384.

Shibata, K., and M. Deushi (2005), Partitioning between resolved wave forcing and unresolved gravity wave forcing to the quasi-biennial oscillation as revealed with a coupled chemistry-climate model, Geophys. Res. Lett., L12820, doi:10.1029/2005GL022885.

Shibata, K., M. Deushi, T. T. Sekiyama, and H. Yoshimura (2005), Development of an MRI chemical transport model for the study of stratospheric chemistry, Papers in Meteorology and Geophysics, 55, 75-119.

Steil, B., C. Brühl, E. Manzini, P. J. Crutzen, J. Lelieveld, P. J. Rasch, E. Roeckner, and K. Krüger (2003), A new interactive chemistry climate model. 1: Present day climatology and interannual variability of the middle atmosphere using the model and 9 years of HALOE/UARS data, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4290, doi:10.1029/2002JD002971.

Stolarski, R. S., A. R. Douglass, S. Steenrod, and S. Pawson (2006): Trends in Stratospheric Ozone: Lessons Learned from a 3D Chemical Transport Model, J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 1028-1041.

Struthers, H., K. Kreher, J. Austin, R. Schofield, G. E. Bodeker, P. V. Johnston, H. Shiona, and A. Thomas (2004), Past and future simulations of NO₂ from a coupled chemistry-climate model in comparison with observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 2227–2239.

Tian, W., and M.P. Chipperfield (2005), A new coupled chemistry–climate model for the stratosphere: The importance of coupling for future O3-climate predictions, Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 131, 281–304.

Last modified: 12 August 2009
by Veronika Eyring