Holzäpfel F., Gerz, T. (1999):
Two-Dimensional Wake Vortex Physics in the Stably Stratified Atmosphere,
Aerospace Science and Technology, Vol. 3, No. 5, pp. 261-270.
pdf-download (830 KB)

Gerz T., Holzäpfel F., Hofbauer T., Dörnbrack A., Frech M. (1999):
Aircraft Wake Vortices in the Atmosphere, Industrial and Environmental Applications of Direct and Large Eddy Simulation,
Lecture Notes in Physics 529, Springer Verlag, ISBN 3-540-66171-9, pp. 83-92.

Gerz, T., Holzäpfel F. (1999):
Wingtip Vortices, Turbulence, and the Distribution of Emissions,
AIAA J., Vol. 37, No. 10, pp.1270-1276.
pdf-download (359 KB)

Holzäpfel, F., Gerz, T., Frech, M., Dörnbrack, A. (2000):
Wake Vortices in a Convective Boundary Layer and Their Influence on Following Aircraft,
Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 37, No. 6, pp. 1001-1007.
pdf-download (735 KB)

Gerz T., Holzäpfel F., Darracq D. (2001):
Aircraft Wake Vortices - A position paper, pp.~43.
pdf-download (700 kB)

Holzäpfel F., Gerz, T., Baumann R. (2001):
The turbulent decay of trailing vortex pairs in stably stratified environments,
Aerospace Science and Technology, Vol. 5, pp. 95-108.
pdf-download (2.6 MB)

Meleshko V.V., Gurzhi A.A., Dörnbrack A., Gerz T., Holzäpfel F. and Hofbauer T. (2001):
Interaction of two-dimensional trailing vortex pair with a shear layer,
International Applied Mechanics, Vol. 37, No. 7, pp. 948-957.
Russisches Original: Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 37, No .7, pp. 128-136.
pdf-download (114 KB)

Frech M., Holzäpfel F., Gerz T., Konopka, J. (2002):
Short-term prediction of the horizontal wind vector within a wake vortex warning system,
Meteorol. Appl., Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 9-20.
pdf-download (0.8 MB)

Frech M., Holzäpfel F. (2002):
A Probabilistic Prediction Scheme for Wake Vortex Evolution in a Convective Boundary Layer,
Air Traffic Control Quarterly, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 23-41.
pdf-download (954 KB)

Holzäpfel, F., Hofbauer, T., Gerz, T., Schumann, U. (2002):
Aircraft Wake Vortex Evolution and Decay in Idealized and Real Environments: Methodologies, Benefits and Limitations,
Fluid Mechanics and its Applications, Vol.65, Advances in LES of Complex Flows, edited by R.Friedrich, W.Rodi, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht,  ISBN 1-4020-0486-9, pp. 293-309.
pdf-download (5.8 MB)

Gerz T., Holzäpfel F., Darracq D. (2002):
Commercial Aircraft Wake Vortices,
Prog. Aerosp. Sci., Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 181-208.
pdf-download (0.4 MB)

Holzäpfel F (2003):
A Probabilistic Two-Phase Wake Vortex Decay and Transport Model,
Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 323-331.
pdf-download (0.35 MB)

Holzäpfel F., Hofbauer T., Darracq D., Moet H., Garnier F., Ferreira Gago C. (2003):
Analysis of wake vortex decay mechanisms in the atmosphere,
Aerospace Science and Technology, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 263-275.
pdf-download (0.9 MB)

Holzäpfel F., Gerz T., Köpp F., Stumpf E., Harris M., Young R.I., Dolfi-Bouteyre A. (2003):
Strategies for circulation evaluation of aircraft wake vortices measured by lidar,
J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., Vol. 20, No. 8, pp. 1183-1195.

Hofbauer T. (2003):
Numerische Untersuchungen zum Einfluss von Windscherung und Turbulenz auf Flugzeugwirbelschleppen,
Ph.D. thesis, DLR, Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Forschungsbericht 2003-01, 117 p.

M. Frech, T. Zinner (2003):
The concept of wake vortex behavior classes,
Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 564-570.

Holzäpfel F., Robins R.E. (2004):
Probabilistic Two-Phase Aircraft Wake Vortex Model: Application and Assessment,
Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 41, No. 5, pp. 1117-1126.

Holzäpfel F. (2004):
Adjustment of Subgrid-Scale Parametrizations to Strong Streamline Curvature,
AIAA Journal, Vol. 42, No. 7, pp. 1369-1377.

Thomas Gerz, Frank Holzäpfel, Wayne Bryant, Friedrich Köpp, Michael Frech, Arnold Tafferner, Gregoire Winckelmans (2005):
Research towards a wake-vortex advisory system for optimal aircraft spacing,
Comptes Rendus Physique, Acad´emie des Sciences, Paris, Vol. 6, No. 4-5, pp. 501-523.

Holzäpfel F. (2005):
Aircraft Wake Vortex Evolution and Prediction,
Habilitationsschrift, Technische Universität München, 132 pp.
pdf-download (13 MB)

Holzäpfel F. (2006):
Probabilistic Two-Phase Aircraft Wake-Vortex Model - Further Development and Assessment,
Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 700-708.

Holzäpfel F., Frech M., Gerz T., Tafferner A., Hahn K.-U., Schwarz C., Joos H.-D., Korn B., Lenz H, Luckner R., Höhne G. (2006):
Aircraft Wake Vortex Scenarios Simulation Package - WakeScene,
25th International Congress of the Aeronautical Sciences, Hamburg, ICAS 2006-8.6.3, pp. 12.

Elsenaar B., van der Geest P., Speijker L., de Bruin A., Wolf S., Braun N., Gerz T., Holzäpfel F., Hahn K.-U., Schwarz C., Frech M., Köpp F., Mutuel L., Bourrez A., Barny H., Barbaresco F., Konopka J., Winckelmans G., Desenfans O., Pugh C., Davies H., Galpin D., Nicolaon J.-P., Vidal A., Harvey A., Wennerberg A., Schumacher J., Luckner R., Höhne G., Fuhrmann M., Laporte F., Hinsinger R., Schrauf G., Turp D., Agnew P., Hill C., Young R., Coustols E., Dolfi A., Jacquin L. (2006):
Wake Vortex Research Needs for "Improved Wake Vortex Separation Ruling" and "Reduced Wake Signatures", Part I,
Summary & Recommendations, Final Report of the Thematic Network "WakeNet2-Europe", 6th Framework Programme, 51 pages.

Elsenaar B., van der Geest P., Speijker L., de Bruin A., Wolf S., Braun N., Gerz T., Holzäpfel F., Hahn K.-U., Schwarz C., Frech M., Köpp F., Mutuel L., Bourrez A., Barny H., Barbaresco F., Konopka J., Winckelmans G., Desenfans O., Pugh C., Davies H., Galpin D., Nicolaon J.-P., Vidal A., Harvey A., Wennerberg A., Schumacher J., Luckner R., Höhne G., Fuhrmann M., Laporte F., Hinsinger R., Schrauf G., Turp D., Agnew P., Hill C., Young R., Coustols E., Dolfi A., Jacquin L. (2006):
Wake Vortex Research Needs for "Improved Wake Vortex Separation Ruling" and "Reduced Wake Signatures", Part II,
Specialists's Reports, Final Report of the Thematic Network "WakeNet2-Europe", 6th Framework Programme, 114 pages.

Frech M., Holzäpfel F., Tafferner A., Gerz T. (2007):
High-Resolution Weather Data Base for the Terminal Area of Frankfurt Airport,
Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, Vol. 46, No. 11, pp.1913-1932.

Holzäpfel F., Steen M. (2007):
Aircraft Wake-Vortex Evolution in Ground Proximity: Analysis and Parameterization,
AIAA Journal, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 218-227.

I. Hennemann, F. Holzäpfel (2007):
Aircraft Wake Vortex Deformation in Turbulent Atmosphere,
5th Int. Symposium on Turbulence and Shear Flow Phenomena, Vol. 2, TU Munich, 27-29 August 2007, pp. 597-602.

Frech M., Holzäpfel F. (2008):
Skill of an aircraft wake-vortex transport and decay model using weather prediction and observation,
Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 461-470.

The DLR Project Wirbelschleppe -
Detecting, Characterizing, Controlling, Attenuating, Understanding, and Predicting Aircraft Wake Vortices,
F. Holzäpfel (Editor), T. Gerz (Project Manager),
Forschungsbericht 2008-15, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt Oberpfaffenhofen, Berlin, Braunschweig und Göttingen,
ISSN 1434-8454, ISRN DLR-FB--2008-15.
pdf-download (10 MB)

Frank Holzäpfel, Michael Frech, Thomas Gerz, Arnold Tafferner, Klaus-Uwe Hahn, Carsten Schwarz, Hans-Dieter Joos, Bernd Korn, Helge Lenz, Robert Luckner, Gordon Höhne (2009):
Aircraft Wake Vortex Scenarios Simulation Package - WakeScene,
Aerospace Science and Technology, Vol. 13, Issue 1, pp. 1-11,
doi:10.1016/j.ast.2007.09.008

Holzäpfel F., Gerz T., Frech M., Tafferner A., Köpp F., Smalikho I., Rahm S., Hahn K.-U., Schwarz C. (2009):
THE WAKE VORTEX PREDICTION AND MONITORING SYSTEM WSVBS - PART I: DESIGN,
Air Traffic Control Quarterly, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 301-322.

Gerz T., Holzäpfel F., Gerling W., Scharnweber A., Frech M., Wiegele A., Kober K., Dengler K., Rahm S. (2009):
THE WAKE VORTEX PREDICTION AND MONITORING SYSTEM WSVBS PART II: PERFORMANCE AND ATC INTEGRATION AT FRANKFURT AIRPORT,
Air Traffic Control Quarterly, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 323-346.

Frank Holzäpfel, Jan Kladetzke, Swantje Amelsberg, Helge Lenz, Carsten Schwarz, Ivan De Visscher (2009):
Aircraft Wake Vortex Scenarios Simulation for TakeOff and Departure,
Journal of Aircraft, Volume 46, Number 2, pp. 713-717.

Hennemann I., Holzäpfel F. (2009):
Aircraft Wake Vortex Curvature and Resulting Risk Potential for Following Aircraft,
CEAS 2009 European Air and Space Conference, Manchester, UK, 26-29 October 2009, 9 pages.

Frank Holzäpfel, Takashi Misaka, Ingo Hennemann (2010):
Wake-Vortex Topology, Circulation, and Turbulent Exchange Processes,
AIAA Paper 2010-7992, AIAA Atmospheric and Space Environments Conference, 2-5 August 2010, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 16 pages.

Frank Holzäpfel, Jan Kladetzke:
Assessment of Wake Vortex Encounter Probabilities for Crosswind Departure Scenarios,
Journal of Aircraft, , Volume 48, Number 3, May-June 2011, pp. 812-822. DOI 10.2514/1.C000236.

Ingo Hennemann, Frank Holzäpfel:
Large-eddy simulation of aircraft wake vortex deformation and topology,
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering, Volume 225, Issue 12, December 2011, pp. 1336-1350, published online on September 23, 2011, DOI: 10.1177/0954410011402257.

K. Dengler, F. Holzäpfel, A. Wiegele, I. De Visscher, G. Winckelmans, L. Bricteux, H. Fischer, J. Konopka:
Crosswind Thresholds Supporting Wake-Vortex-Free Corridors for Departing Aircraft,
Meteorological Applications, 2011, DOI: 10.1002/met.261.

Takashi Misaka, Frank Holzäpfel, Thomas Gerz, Michael Manhart, Florian Schwertfirm:
Large-Eddy Simulation of Wake Vortex Evolution from Roll-Up to Vortex Decay,
AIAA Paper 2011-1003, 49th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition, 4-7 January 2011, Orlando, Florida, 11 pages.

F. Holzäpfel, K. Dengler, T. Gerz, C. Schwarz:
Prediction of Dynamic Pairwise Wake Vortex Separations for Approach and Landing,
AIAA Paper 2011-3037, 3rd AIAA Atmospheric Space Environments Conference, 27-30 June 2011, Honolulu, Hawaii, 15 pages.

F. Holzäpfel, T. Gerz, C. Schwarz:
The Wake Vortex Prediction and Monitoring System WSVBS - Design and Performance at Frankfurt and Munich Airport,
Ninth USA/Europe Air Traffic Management Research and Development Seminar (ATM2011), June 14th - 17th 2011, Berlin, Germany, 10 pages.

Frank Holzäpfel, Takashi Misaka, Anton Stephan:
Aircraft Wake Vortex Evolution in Ground Proximity and at Cruise Altitude,
inSiDE, Innovatives Supercomputing in Deutschland, Vol. 9, No. 2, Autumn 2011, pp. 32-34.

Takashi Misaka, Frank Holzäpfel, Thomas Gerz:
Wake Evolution of Wing-Body Configuration from Roll-Up to Vortex Decay,
AIAA Paper 2012-0428, 50th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition, 9-12 January 2012, Nashville, Tennessee, 15 pages.

Sebastian Kauertz, Frank Holzäpfel, Jan Kladetzke, (2012):
Wake Vortex Encounter Risk Assessment for Crosswind Departures,
Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 281-291, DOI: 10.2514/1.C031522.

Takashi Misaka, Frank Holzäpfel, Thomas Gerz, Michael Manhart, Florian Schwertfirm:
Vortex bursting and tracer transport of a counter-rotating vortex pair,
Physics of Fluids, Vol.24, No. 2, pp. 25104-1 - 25104-21 (2012), doi: 10.1063/1.3684990.

The DLR Project Wetter & Fliegen,
T. Gerz, C. Schwarz (Editoren, Projektleiter),
Forschungsbericht 2012-02, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt Oberpfaffenhofen, Braunschweig, Göttingen und Hamburg,
ISSN 1434-8454, ISRN DLR-FB--2012-02.